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51.
Bruce E. Woodgate 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1982,2(11):61-64
When homologous flares are broadly defined as having footpoint structures in common, it is found that a majority of flares fall into homologous sets. Filament eruptions and mass ejection in members of an homologous flare set show that maintainence of the magnetic structure is not a necessary condition for homology. 相似文献
52.
53.
The Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation (PEPSSI) on the New Horizons Mission
Ralph L. McNutt Jr. Stefano A. Livi Reid S. Gurnee Matthew E. Hill Kim A. Cooper G. Bruce Andrews Edwin P. Keath Stamatios M. Krimigis Donald G. Mitchell Barry Tossman Fran Bagenal John D. Boldt Walter Bradley William S. Devereux George C. Ho Stephen E. Jaskulek Thomas W. LeFevere Horace Malcom Geoffrey A. Marcus John R. Hayes G. Ty Moore Nikolaos P. Paschalidis Mark E. Perry Bruce D. Williams Paul Wilson IV Lawrence E. Brown Martha B. Kusterer Jon D. Vandegriff 《Space Science Reviews》2009,145(3-4):381-381
54.
Des Marais DJ Allamandola LJ Benner SA Boss AP Deamer D Falkowski PG Farmer JD Hedges SB Jakosky BM Knoll AH Liskowsky DR Meadows VS Meyer MA Pilcher CB Nealson KH Spormann AM Trent JD Turner WW Woolf NJ Yorke HW 《Astrobiology》2003,3(2):219-235
The NASA Astrobiology Roadmap provides guidance for research and technology development across the NASA enterprises that encompass the space, Earth, and biological sciences. The ongoing development of astrobiology roadmaps embodies the contributions of diverse scientists and technologists from government, universities, and private institutions. The Roadmap addresses three basic questions: How does life begin and evolve, does life exist elsewhere in the universe, and what is the future of life on Earth and beyond? Seven Science Goals outline the following key domains of investigation: understanding the nature and distribution of habitable environments in the universe, exploring for habitable environments and life in our own solar system, understanding the emergence of life, determining how early life on Earth interacted and evolved with its changing environment, understanding the evolutionary mechanisms and environmental limits of life, determining the principles that will shape life in the future, and recognizing signatures of life on other worlds and on early Earth. For each of these goals, Science Objectives outline more specific high-priority efforts for the next 3-5 years. These 18 objectives are being integrated with NASA strategic planning. 相似文献
55.
Sources of organic matter and inorganic tracers on Jupiter, including solar UV photolysis, lightning discharges, and convective quenching of hot gases from the lower atmosphere, are reviewed in light of Earth-based and Voyager data with the purpose of predicting the tropospheric steady-state abundances and vertical distributions of HCN, CH2O, and other species.It is concluded that a steady-state mole fraction of HCN in the Jovian troposphere of only 10-12 could be maintained by vertical transport of hot gases from the deep atmosphere. The observed HCN abundance (roughly XHCN = 10-9) appears to be due to photochemical reactions.After HCN, the most abundant organic disequilibrium species in the troposphere is probably C2H6, derived from direct photolysis of CH4 at high altitudes, with a mole fracton of 10-10 at the H2O cloud level. Inorganic tracers of disequilibrium processes are also briefly summarized. 相似文献
56.
The Mercury Dual Imaging System on the MESSENGER Spacecraft 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. Edward Hawkins III John D. Boldt Edward H. Darlington Raymond Espiritu Robert E. Gold Bruce Gotwols Matthew P. Grey Christopher D. Hash John R. Hayes Steven E. Jaskulek Charles J. Kardian Jr. Mary R. Keller Erick R. Malaret Scott L. Murchie Patricia K. Murphy Keith Peacock Louise M. Prockter R. Alan Reiter Mark S. Robinson Edward D. Schaefer Richard G. Shelton Raymond E. Sterner II Howard W. Taylor Thomas R. Watters Bruce D. Williams 《Space Science Reviews》2007,131(1-4):247-338
The Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) on the MESSENGER spacecraft will provide critical measurements tracing Mercury’s origin
and evolution. MDIS consists of a monochrome narrow-angle camera (NAC) and a multispectral wide-angle camera (WAC). The NAC
is a 1.5° field-of-view (FOV) off-axis reflector, coaligned with the WAC, a four-element refractor with a 10.5° FOV and 12-color
filter wheel. The focal plane electronics of each camera are identical and use a 1,024×1,024 Atmel (Thomson) TH7888A charge-coupled
device detector. Only one camera operates at a time, allowing them to share a common set of control electronics. The NAC and
the WAC are mounted on a pivoting platform that provides a 90° field-of-regard, extending 40° sunward and 50° anti-sunward
from the spacecraft +Z-axis—the boresight direction of most of MESSENGER’s instruments. Onboard data compression provides capabilities for pixel
binning, remapping of 12-bit data into 8 bits, and lossless or lossy compression. MDIS will acquire four main data sets at
Mercury during three flybys and the two-Mercury-solar-day nominal mission: a monochrome global image mosaic at near-zero emission
angles and moderate incidence angles, a stereo-complement map at off-nadir geometry and near-identical lighting, multicolor
images at low incidence angles, and targeted high-resolution images of key surface features. These data will be used to construct
a global image base map, a digital terrain model, global maps of color properties, and mosaics of high-resolution image strips.
Analysis of these data will provide information on Mercury’s impact history, tectonic processes, the composition and emplacement
history of volcanic materials, and the thickness distribution and compositional variations of crustal materials. This paper
summarizes MDIS’s science objectives and technical design, including the common payload design of the MDIS data processing
units, as well as detailed results from ground and early flight calibrations and plans for Mercury image products to be generated
from MDIS data. 相似文献
57.
Christensen Philip R. Jakosky Bruce M. Kieffer Hugh H. Malin Michael C. McSween Harry Y. Nealson Kenneth Mehall Greg L. Silverman Steven H. Ferry Steven Caplinger Michael Ravine Michael 《Space Science Reviews》2004,110(1-2):85-130
The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on 2001 Mars Odyssey will investigate the surface mineralogy and physical properties of Mars using multi-spectral thermal-infrared images in nine wavelengths centered from 6.8 to 14.9 μm, and visible/near-infrared images in five bands centered from 0.42 to 0.86 μm. THEMIS will map the entire planet in both day and night multi-spectral infrared images at 100-m per pixel resolution, 60% of the planet in one-band visible images at 18-m per pixel, and several percent of the planet in 5-band visible color. Most geologic materials, including carbonates, silicates, sulfates, phosphates, and hydroxides have strong fundamental vibrational absorption bands in the thermal-infrared spectral region that provide diagnostic information on mineral composition. The ability to identify a wide range of minerals allows key aqueous minerals, such as carbonates and hydrothermal silica, to be placed into their proper geologic context. The specific objectives of this investigation are to: (1) determine the mineralogy and petrology of localized deposits associated with hydrothermal or sub-aqueous environments, and to identify future landing sites likely to represent these environments; (2) search for thermal anomalies associated with active sub-surface hydrothermal systems; (3) study small-scale geologic processes and landing site characteristics using morphologic and thermophysical properties; and (4) investigate polar cap processes at all seasons. THEMIS follows the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) and Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) experiments, providing substantially higher spatial resolution IR multi-spectral images to complement TES hyperspectral (143-band) global mapping, and regional visible imaging at scales intermediate between the Viking and MOC cameras. The THEMIS uses an uncooled microbolometer detector array for the IR focal plane. The optics consists of all-reflective, three-mirror anastigmat telescope with a 12-cm effective aperture and a speed of f/1.6. The IR and visible cameras share the optics and housing, but have independent power and data interfaces to the spacecraft. The IR focal plane has 320 cross-track pixels and 240 down-track pixels covered by 10 ~1-μm-bandwidth strip filters in nine different wavelengths. The visible camera has a 1024×1024 pixel array with 5 filters. The instrument weighs 11.2 kg, is 29 cm by 37 cm by 55 cm in size, and consumes an orbital average power of 14 W. 相似文献
58.
John O. Goldsten Edgar A. Rhodes William V. Boynton William C. Feldman David J. Lawrence Jacob I. Trombka David M. Smith Larry G. Evans Jack White Norman W. Madden Peter C. Berg Graham A. Murphy Reid S. Gurnee Kim Strohbehn Bruce D. Williams Edward D. Schaefer Christopher A. Monaco Christopher P. Cork J. Del Eckels Wayne O. Miller Morgan T. Burks Lisle B. Hagler Steve J. DeTeresa Monika C. Witte 《Space Science Reviews》2007,131(1-4):339-391
A Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS) instrument has been developed as part of the science payload for NASA’s Discovery
Program mission to the planet Mercury. Mercury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) launched
successfully in 2004 and will journey more than six years before entering Mercury orbit to begin a one-year investigation.
The GRNS instrument forms part of the geochemistry investigation and will yield maps of the elemental composition of the planet
surface. Major elements include H, O, Na, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, K, and Th. The Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) portion detects
gamma-ray emissions in the 0.1- to 10-MeV energy range and achieves an energy resolution of 3.5 keV full-width at half-maximum
for 60Co (1332 keV). It is the first interplanetary use of a mechanically cooled Ge detector. Special construction techniques provide
the necessary thermal isolation to maintain the sensor’s encapsulated detector at cryogenic temperatures (90 K) despite the
intense thermal environment. Given the mission constraints, the GRS sensor is necessarily body-mounted to the spacecraft,
but the outer housing is equipped with an anticoincidence shield to reduce the background from charged particles. The Neutron
Spectrometer (NS) sensor consists of a sandwich of three scintillation detectors working in concert to measure the flux of
ejected neutrons in three energy ranges from thermal to ∼7 MeV. The NS is particularly sensitive to H content and will help
resolve the composition of Mercury’s polar deposits. This paper provides an overview of the Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer
and describes its science and measurement objectives, the design and operation of the instrument, the ground calibration effort,
and a look at some early in-flight data. 相似文献
59.
Nathaniel E. Putzig Gareth A. Morgan Bruce A. Campbell Cyril Grima Isaac B. Smith Roger J. Phillips Matthew P. Golombek 《Space Science Reviews》2017,211(1-4):135-146
We carried out an assessment of surface and subsurface properties based on radar observations of the region in western Elysium Planitia selected as the landing site for the InSight mission. Using observations from Arecibo Observatory and from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s Shallow Radar (SHARAD), we examined the near-surface properties of the landing site, including characterization of reflectivity, near-surface roughness, and layering. In the Arecibo data (12.6-cm wavelength), we found a radar-reflective surface with no unusual properties that would cause problems for the InSight radar altimeter (7-cm wavelength). In addition, the moderately low backscatter strength is indicative of a relatively smooth surface at \({\sim} 10\mbox{-cm}\) scales that is composed of load-bearing materials and should not present a hazard for landing safety. For roughness at 10–100 m scales derived from SHARAD data, we find relatively low values in a narrow distribution, similar to those found at the Phoenix and Opportunity landing sites. The power of returns at InSight is similar to that at Phoenix and thus suggestive of near-surface layering, consistent with a layer of regolith over bedrock (e.g., lava flows) that is largely too shallow (\({<}10\mbox{--}20~\mbox{m}\)) for SHARAD to discern distinct reflectors. However, an isolated area outside of the ellipse chosen in 2015 for InSight’s landing shows faint returns that may represent such a contact at depths of \({\sim} 20\mbox{--}43~\mbox{m}\). 相似文献
60.
Sharon Kedar Jose Andrade Bruce Banerdt Pierre Delage Matt Golombek Matthias Grott Troy Hudson Aaron Kiely Martin Knapmeyer Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun Christian Krause Taichi Kawamura Philippe Lognonne Tom Pike Youyi Ruan Tilman Spohn Nick Teanby Jeroen Tromp James Wookey 《Space Science Reviews》2017,211(1-4):315-337
InSight’s Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) provides a unique and unprecedented opportunity to conduct the first geotechnical survey of the Martian soil by taking advantage of the repeated seismic signals that will be generated by the mole of the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3). Knowledge of the elastic properties of the Martian regolith have implications to material strength and can constrain models of water content, and provide context to geological processes and history that have acted on the landing site in western Elysium Planitia. Moreover, it will help to reduce travel-time errors introduced into the analysis of seismic data due to poor knowledge of the shallow subsurface. The challenge faced by the InSight team is to overcome the limited temporal resolution of the sharp hammer signals, which have significantly higher frequency content than the SEIS 100 Hz sampling rate. Fortunately, since the mole propagates at a rate of \(\sim1~\mbox{mm}\) per stroke down to 5 m depth, we anticipate thousands of seismic signals, which will vary very gradually as the mole travels.Using a combination of field measurements and modeling we simulate a seismic data set that mimics the InSight HP3-SEIS scenario, and the resolution of the InSight seismometer data. We demonstrate that the direct signal, and more importantly an anticipated reflected signal from the interface between the bottom of the regolith layer and an underlying lava flow, are likely to be observed both by Insight’s Very Broad Band (VBB) seismometer and Short Period (SP) seismometer. We have outlined several strategies to increase the signal temporal resolution using the multitude of hammer stroke and internal timing information to stack and interpolate multiple signals, and demonstrated that in spite of the low resolution, the key parameters—seismic velocities and regolith depth—can be retrieved with a high degree of confidence. 相似文献